A few weeks ago I have already blogged about the publication of the RDFa 1.1 drafts. An essential, additional, piece of the RDFa puzzle has now been published (as a First Public Working Draft): the RDFa API. (Note that there is no reference to “1.1” in the title: the API is equally valid for versions 1.0 and 1.1 of RDFa. More about this below.)
Defining an API for RDFa was a slightly complex exercise. Indeed, this API has very different constituencies, ie, possible user communities, and these communities have different needs and background knowledge. On the one hand, you have the (for the lack of a better word) “RDF” community, ie, people who are familiar and comfortable with RDF concepts, and are used to handle triples, triple stores, iterating through triples, etc. Essentially, people who either have already a background in using, say, Jena or RDFLib, or who can grasp these concepts easily due to their background. But, on the other hand, there are also people coming more from the traditional Web Application programmers’ community who may not be that familiar with RDF, and who are looking for an easy way to get to the additional data in the (X)HTML content that RDFa provides. Providing a suitable level of abstraction for both of these communities took quite a while, and this is the reason why the RDFa API FPWD could not be published together with RDFa 1.1.
But we have it now. I will give a few examples below on how this API can be used; look at the draft for more details (there more examples there; the examples in this blog use, actually, some of the examples from the document!). The usual caveat applies: this is a working draft with new releases in the future; comments are more than welcome! (Please, send them to public-rdfa-wg@w3.org, rather than answering to this blog.)
The “non-RDF” user
Let me use the same RDFa example as in the previous blog:
<div prefix="relation: http://vocab.org/relationship/ foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/">
<p about="http://www.ivan-herman.net/foaf#me"
rel="relation:spouse" resource="http://www.ivan-herman.net/Eva_Boka"
property="foaf:name">Ivan Herman</p>
</div>
Encoding the (RDF) triples:
<http://www.ivan-herman.net/foaf#me> <http://vocab.org/relationship/spouse> <http://www.ivan-herman.net/Eva_Boka> . <http://www.ivan-herman.net/foaf#me> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name> "Ivan Herman" .
So how can one get to these using the API? The simplest approach is to get the collection of property-value pairs assigned to a specific subject. Using the API, one can say:
>> var ivan = document.getItemBySubject("http://www.ivan-herman.net/foaf#me")
yielding an instance of what the document calls a ”Property Group”. This object contains all the property-value pairs (well, in RDF terms, the predicate-object pairs) that are associated with http://www.ivan-herman.net/foaf#me. It is then possible to find out what properties are defined for a subject:
>> print(ivan.properties) <http://vocab.org/relationship/spouse> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name>
It is also possible relate back to the DOM node that holds the subject via ivan.origin, and use the get method to get to the values of a specific property, ie:
>>>print(ivan.get("http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name"))
Ivan Herman
Note that, on the level, the user does not really have to understand the details of RDF, of predicates, etc; what one gets back is, essentially, a literal or a representation of an IRI, and that is about it. Simple, isn’t it?
Of course, there is slightly more to it. First of all, finding the property groups only through the subjects may be too restrictive. The API therefore includes similar methods to search through the content via properties (“return all the property groups whose subject has a specific property”) or via type (i.e., rdf:type in RDF terms, @typeof in RDFa terms). One can also search for DOM Nodes rather than for Property Groups. Eg, using
>> document.getElementsByType("http://http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person")
one can get hold of the elements that are used for persons (e.g., to highlight these nodes or their corresponding subtrees on the screen by manipulating their CSS style). I also used full URI-s everywhere in the examples; it is also possible to set CURIE like prefixes to make the coding a bit simpler and less error prone.
An that is really it for simple applications. Note that many RDFa content (eg, Facebook‘s Open Graph protocol, or Google‘s snippets) include only a few simple statements whose management is perfectly possible with these few methods.
The RDF user
Of course, RDF users may want more and, sometimes, the complexity of the RDF content does require more complex methods. The RDFa API spec does indeed provide a more complex set of possibilities.
The underlying infrastructure for the API is based on the abstract concept of a store. One can create such a store, or can get hold of the default one via:
>> var store = document.data.store
The default store contains the triples that are retrieved from the current page. It is then possible to iterate through the triples, possibly via an extra, user-specified filter. Furthermore, it is possible to create (RDF) new triples and add them to the store. One can add converter methods that control how typed literals are mapped onto, say, Javascript objects (although an implementation will provide a default set for you). In some ways, fairly standard RDF programming stuff, yielding, for example, to the following code:
>> triples = document.data.store.filter(); // get all the triples
>> for( var i=0; i < triples.size; i++ ) {
>> print(triples[i]);
>> }
<http://www.ivan-herman.net/foaf#me> <http://vocab.org/relationship/spouse> <http://www.ivan-herman.net/Eva_Boka>
<http://www.ivan-herman.net/foaf#me> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name> "Ivan Herman"
There is one aspect that is very well worth emphasizing. The parser to the store is conceptually separated from the store (similarly to, say, RDFLib). What this means is that, though an implementation provides a default parser for the document, it is perfectly possible to add another parser parsing the same document and putting the triples into the same store. The RDFa API document does not require that the parser must be RDFa 1.1; one can create a separate store and use, for example, an RDFa 1.0 parser. But much more interesting is the fact that one can also add a, say, hCard microformat parser that produces RDF triples. The triples may be added to the same store, essentially merging the underlying RDF graphs. Eg, one can have the following:
>> store = document.data.store; // by default, this store has all the RDFa 1.1 content
>> document.data.createParser("hCard",store).parse();
merging the RDFa and the hCard terms in one triple store. I think the possibility to use the RDFa API to, at last, merge the different RDF interpretable syntaxes in this area in one place is very powerful. (It must be noted that the details of the parser interface is still changing; e.g., it is not yet clear how various parsers should be identified. This is for one of the next releases…)
As I said, comments are more than welcome, there is still work to do, but the first, extremely important step has been made!
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